NEW ZEALAND

The history of New Zealand dates back at least seven hundred years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship links and land. The first European explorer came to New Zealand in 1642. From the late eighteenth century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori equal rights with British citizens. There was extensive European and some Asian settlement throughout the rest of the century. War and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from Māori to Pākehā (European) ownership, and most Māori subsequently became impoverished.

From the 1890s the New Zealand parliament enacted a number of progressive initatives, including women's suffrage and old age pensions. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and an extensive welfare state was developed. Meanwhile, Māori culture underwent a renaissance, and from the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers. This led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late twentieth century. In the 1980s the economy was largely deregulated and a number of socially liberal policies, such as decriminalisation of homosexuality, were put in place. Foreign policy, which had previously consisted mostly of following Britain or the United States, became more independent. Subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat.

Polynesian foundation
New Zealand was originally settled by Polynesians some time between 1000 and 1300 CE, although some evidence suggests earlier settlement. The descendants of these settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. Separate settlement of the tiny Chatham Islands in the east of New Zealand produced the Moriori people; linguistic evidence indicates that the Moriori were mainland Māori who ventured eastward.[1]

The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, large flightless ratites (similar to ostriches) that were pushed to extinction by about 1500. As moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Māori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. In areas where it was possible to grow taro and kūmara, horticulture became more important. This was not possible in the south of the South Island, however elsewhere wild plants such as fernroot were often available for harvest. Warfare also increased in importance, reflecting increased competition for land and other resources. In this period, fortified pā became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare.

Leadership was based on a system of chieftainship, which was often but not always hereditary, although chiefs (male or female) needed to demonstrate leadership abilities to avoid being superseded by more dynamic individuals. The most important units of pre-European Māori society were the whānau or extended family, and the hapū or group of whānau. After these came the iwi or tribe, consisting of groups of hapū. Related hapū would often trade goods and co-operate on major projects, but conflict between hapū was also relatively common. Traditional Māori society preserved history orally through narratives, songs, and chants; skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies (whakapapa) back for hundreds of years. Arts included whaikōrero (oratory), song composition in multiple genres, dance forms including haka, as well as weaving, highly developed wood carving, and tā moko (tattoo).

Birds, fish and sea mammals were important sources of protein.[2] Māori cultivated food plants which they had brought with them from Polynesia, including sweet potatoes (called kūmara), taro, gourds and yams. They also cultivated the cabbage tree, a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste. Cannibalism, as elsewhere in the Pacific, played a very small part in the diet.

Explorers and other visitors

The first Europeans known to reach New Zealand were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers Bay) in December 1642 but sailed northward to Tonga following a clash with local Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt (after the States-General of the Netherlands) and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin which derived from Nieuw Zeeland (after the Dutch province of Zeeland). It was subsequently Anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during (1769–1770). Cook returned to New Zealand on both of his subsequent voyages. Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted.[3]

From the 1790s the waters around New Zealand were visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European goods, including guns and metal tools, for Māori food, water, wood, flax and sex. [4] Māori were reputed to be enthusiastic and canny traders. Although there were some conflicts, such as the killing of French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and the destruction of the Boyd, most contact between Māori and European was peaceful. From the 1800s missionaries began settling in New Zealand and attempting to convert Māori to Christianity and control the considerably lawless European visitors.



Māori response

The impact of contact on Māori varied. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. At the other end of the scale, tribes that frequently encountered Europeans, such as Ngā Puhi in Northland, underwent major changes.

Pre-European Māori had no distance weapons and the introduction of the musket had an enormous impact on Māori warfare. Tribes with muskets would attack tribes without them, killing or enslaving many. As a result guns became very valuable and Māori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket. The Musket Wars died out in the 1830s after most tribes had acquired muskets and a new balance of power was achieved.

Around this time many Māori converted to Christianity. The reasons for this have been hotly debated but may include social and cultural disruption caused by the Musket Wars and European contact. The appeal of a religion that promotes peace and forgiveness, a desire to emulate the Europeans and to gain a similar abundance of material goods, and a polytheistic culture that had little difficulty accepting new gods may all have been factors in the conversion.

European settlement
European settlement increased through the early decades of the nineteenth century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. The first full-blooded European infant in the territory, Thomas King, was born in 1815 in the Bay of Islands. Many Europeans bought land from Māori, but misunderstanding and different concepts of land ownership led to conflict and bitterness. In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. This alarmed the missionaries, who called for British control of European settlers in New Zealand.

British sovereignty
In 1788 the colony of New South Wales had been founded. According to Captain Phillip's amended Commission, dated 25 April 1787, the colony included all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean and running westward on the continent to the 135th meridian. Until 1840 this, technically, included New Zealand, but it had no real impact as the New South Wales administration had little interest in New Zealand.[5]

In response to complaints about lawless white sailors and adventurers in New Zealand, the British government appointed James Busby as Official Resident in 1832. In 1834 he encouraged Māori chiefs to assert their sovereignty with the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1835. This was acknowledged by King William IV. Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the European population.

Treaty of Waitangi
In 1839 the New Zealand Company announced its plans to establish colonies in New Zealand. This, and the continuing lawlessness of many of the established settlers, spurred the British to take stronger action. Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown.

On 6 February 1840 Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. Copies of the Treaty were subsequently taken around the country to be signed by other chiefs. A significant number refused to sign or were not asked but, in total, more than five hundred Māori eventually signed.

The Treaty gave Māori control over their lands and possessions and all of the rights of British citizens. What it gave the British in return depends on the language-version of the Treaty that is referred to. The English version can be said to give the British Crown sovereignty over New Zealand but the Māori version the Crown receives kawanatanga—that, arguably, is a lesser power (see Treaty of Waitangi#Meaning and interpretation). Dispute over the true meaning and the intent of either party remains an issue.

Britain was motivated by the desire to forestall other European powers (France established a very small settlement at Akaroa in the South Island later in 1840), to facilitate settlement by British subjects and, possibly, to end the lawlessness of European (predominantly British and American) whalers, sealers and traders. Officials and missionaries had their own positions and reputations to protect.

Māori chiefs were motivated by a desire for protection from foreign powers, the establishment of governorship over European settlers and traders in New Zealand, and to allow for wider settlement that would increase trade and prosperity for Māori.[6]

Hobson died in September 1842. Robert FitzRoy, the new governor, took some legal steps to recognise Māori custom. However, his successor, George Grey, promoted rapid cultural assimilation and reduction of the land ownership, influence and rights of the Māori. The practical effect of the Treaty was, in the beginning, only gradually felt, especially in predominantly Māori regions.


Colonial period
Having been administered, through 1840 when the treaty was signed, as a part of the Australian colony of New South Wales, New Zealand became a colony in its own right on 3 May 1841. It was divided into provinces that were reorganised in 1846 and in 1853, when they acquired their own legislatures, and then abolished in 1876. The country rapidly gained some measure of self-government through the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which established central and provincial government.

Immigration to New Zealand
From 1840 there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England, Scotland and Wales, but also from Ireland and to a lesser extent the United States, India, and various parts of continental Europe, including the province of Dalmatia[7] in what is now Croatia and Bohemia[8] in what is now the Czech Republic. Already a majority of the population by 1859, the number of white settlers (called Pākehā by Māori) increased rapidly to reach a million by 1911.


In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand Chinese men, mostly from the Guangdong province, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand.


New Zealand today
The Fifth Labour government led by Helen Clark was elected in 1999 and is the current government of New Zealand. It has maintained most of the previous governments' economic reforms - restricting government intervention in the economy much more so than previous governments - while putting more of an emphasis on social policy and outcomes. For example, employment law has been modified to give more protection to workers, and the student loan system has been changed to eliminate interest payments for New Zealand resident students and graduates.

New Zealand retains strong but informal links to Britain, with many young New Zealanders travelling to Britain for their "OE" (Overseas experience) due to favourable working visa arrangements with Britain. A few constitutional links to Britain remain - the New Zealand Sovereign is a British resident, for example. However, British imperial honours were discontinued in 1996, the Governor-General has taken a more active role in representing New Zealand overseas, and appeals from the Court of Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were replaced by a local Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003. Despite immigration liberalisation in the 1980s, Britons are still the largest group of migrants to New Zealand, due in part to recent immigration law changes which privilege fluent speakers of English.

Foreign policy has been essentially independent since the mid 1980s. New Zealand contributed troops to the Afghanistan War, but did not contribute troops to the Iraq War although some medical and engineering units were sent.

For a developed country, New Zealand's economy is still very dependent on farming, although the old trinity of meat, dairy and wool has been supplemented by fruit, wine, timber and other products. Tourism is a major industry, and the country has been successful in attracting several major film productions, most notably the Lord of the Rings trilogy, directed by New Zealander Peter Jackson.

Tour By City
Auckland
Auckland is New Zealand's largest urban area with a population of just over a million people. It is not, however, the capital, although it was at one time, until the capital moved to Wellington. Auckland is the centre of commerce and industry, and is perhaps the most vibrant, bustling and multicultural city in New Zealand. Auckland is the biggest Polynesian city in the world, and this cultural influence is reflected in many different aspects of city life.

The city's landscape is dominated by volcanic hills, the twin harbours, bays, beaches and islands. Its nickname 'the city of sails' is very apt. Auckland has more boats per capita than anywhere else in the world.

Auckland is dotted with volcanic hills, many of which were once the site of Maori pas, or fortified villages, and which currently afford great views of the city. Auckland lies between the Waitemata and Manukau harbours, and its geography is such that glistening waters seem to beckon from every point. It is a water lover's paradise, with some of the best beaches, swimming, diving, fishing, sailing, windsurfing and watersports in the country.

Accomodation:-
A Chalet In The Ferns - Titirangi - Auckland
Cottage, Other - Waitakere
Enjoy the privacy of a charming self contained two bed roomed guest cottage in the exotic rainforest garden of "The Ferns" in Titirangi, Auckland, New Zealand. Soak in the spa bath overlooking the rainforest garden or stroll to Titirangi village - gateway to the beautiful Waitakere Ranges coastal rainforest, Auckland, New Zealand.

Throughout this magical area, approximately 200 kilometers of paths, tracks and trails lead to charming picnic spots, meandering rainforest streams and waterfalls - and along clifftops with stunning views
of the Tasman Sea.

Facilities include a loft bedroom with super king size bed, and downstairs is a small guest bedroom with a double (full) bed for an extra guest.

There is a cozy lounge, a well equipped kitchen, and a bathroom with a spa bath under a bifold window opening out to a lush subtropical garden. Extras include - telephone, internet connection, satellite TV, stereo, underfloor heating in bathroom, bath towels, robes, hair dryer, bed linen, a washing machine, dryer, security system and undercover parking.

Provisions for a 'self-serve' continental breakfast are supplied for the first day. Groceries are available from Titirangi Village close by.

Minimum stay 5 nights for advanced bookings or shorter stays subject to availability if reservation is requested within three weeks of arrival date.

Weekly Tariff $1260

Two - six nights NZ$210-$240 per double per night (Loft Bedroom). One night only NZ$240-$260 per double. (Loft Bedroom).

Additional Guest fee or if both bedrooms are required $30 per night is added to the tariff.

The Chalet is serviced weekly. Fresh Towels are supplied by request. Should additional housekeeping be required please request when making your booking. A surcharge of $25 per day will be added to the tariff. Portacot available for babies however,The Chalet is not suitable for toddlers.

Special rates for longer stays are also available.
Address
81 Park Road
Titirangi
Auckland



Aachen House Boutique Hotel Auckland
Hotel - Auckland - Remuera
Serving as a luxury spot for guests on holiday and offering luxurious accommodation, the Aachen House Boutique Hotel is ideal for those guest seeking luxury, superb service and peace on their New Zealand vacation.
Location
This luxury boutique hotel is situated in the central exclusive suburb of Remuera, minutes from downtown Auckland. As a convention location this superbly presented boutique hotel offers the privacy and seclusion associated with a rural resort, without being a long way from the city. This hotel is also close to the Newmarket and Parnell shopping areas, the city's CBD and all major attractions.

Rooms
Each of the eight rooms and suites are large and tastefully decorated to reflect the hotel's history, but with modern facilities for the discerning traveller. Five of the rooms and suites have direct access to private verandas and gardens.

Restaurant
Enjoy a gourmet breakfast served at the beautiful conservatory and also the pre-dinner drinks offered at the tea house gazebo.

General
With its beautifully appointed meeting rooms, the Aachen House Boutique Hotel is also perfect for exclusive use for small groups, weddings, special functions, conferences and corporate hosting.



Hotel Facilities
Banquet facilities
Conference facilities
Dining room
Faxing facilities
Lobby
Lounge
Parking facilities
Room Facilities
Air conditioning
Hairdryer
Modem/data port connection
Private bathroom / Ensuite
Telephone
Television
Accommodation from NZD $325.

Address
39 Market Road
Remuera Auckland

Airport Garden Inn Auckland
Inn - Auckland - Airport: Auckland Int'l
Dedicated to provide first-class service and excellent facilities, this hotel is an ideal place for travellers, groups and corporate guests seeking an affordable Auckland accommodation.
Location
Airport Garden Inn Hotel and Conference Centre is nestled within a beautiful, tranquil garden setting yet just minutes from Auckland International Airport and domestic terminal. Located just 20 kilometres from the heart of Auckland city and business district, this property is close to many top Auckland attractions, activities and shopping.

Rooms
This property boasts 52 cosy guestrooms that are tastefully decorated and come with a host of amenities. Attentive room service is also available for your convenience.

Restaurant
The delightful Tulip garden restaurant creates a relaxing atmosphere for guests to enjoy delicious European cuisine from an extensive menu along with a great selection of wines. Alcoholic or non-alcoholic, whatever your choice of drink, the friendly staff in the Hibiscus Lounge Bar have created an enjoyable area for you to unwind after a hectic day.

General
Ideal for corporate guests as well as intimate family reunions, birthday parties and wedding receptions, this inn offers a choice of 2 well appointed conference rooms that can accommodate up to 100 people. The outdoor swimming pool is a perfect place to relax during the balmy summer or soak up some afternoon sun.

Hotel Facilities
Banquet facilities
Billiards
Conference facilities
Disabled facilities
Faxing facilities
Internet access
Laundry facilities
Lobby
Lounge
Outdoor swimming pool
Parking facilities (at cost)
Photocopying facilities
Reception
Restaurant
Room service
Safe deposit box Room Facilities
Cable / Satellite TV
Hairdryer
Heating
Iron and ironing board
Modem/data port connection
Pay-per-view movies
Private bathroom / Ensuite
Refrigerator
Tea and coffee making facilities
Telephone
Accommodation from NZD $90.

Additional Information

6 km to the International Airport ( Auckland)

20 km to the Train Station (britomart)

20 km to City Centre

Address
10 Tidal Road
Mangere Auckland
Room Information

Airport Gateway Auckland
Hotel - Auckland - Airport: Auckland Int'l
More Information
and Bookings

Auckland Information

If you are looking for a comfortable accommodation near the airport, Airport Gateway Hotel is the ideal place to stay.
Location
The Airport Gateway Hotel is located near the Auckland Airport, 20 kilometres from the city centre and also close to the tourist attractions.

Rooms
The hotel offers 50 comfortable guestrooms those are well equipped with modern amenities.


Restaurant
An a la carte restaurant and bar are available at the onsite, offering delicious food and drinks.

General
The hotel provides ideal conference facilities up to 200 people. Furthermore, during leisure time, you can enjoy a cool dip at the swimming pool.

Hotel Facilities
Cocktail bar
Conference facilities
Laundry facilities
Lounge
Outdoor swimming pool
Parking facilities
Reception
Restaurant
Room service Room Facilities
Air conditioning
Cable / Satellite TV
Hairdryer
Heating
Private bathroom / Ensuite
Radio
Refrigerator
Tea and coffee making facilities
Telephone
Accommodation from NZD $105.

Additional Information
4 km to the nearest Airport (Auckland)
20 km to the nearest Station
20 km to the City Centre

Address
206 Kirkbride Road
Mangere Auckland

Best Western President Hotel Auckland
Hotel - Auckland - City

Being an ideal property for independent travellers and budget-conscious corporate guests, the Best Western President Hotel offers best value for money in the mid-range accommodation in Auckland without sacrificing quality, space and comfort.

Location
Best Western President Hotel Auckland is ideally situated in the downtown of Auckland and is next to entertainment and business areas. The hotel is only 100 metres from Sky City Casino and the Sky Tower, while the Auckland Waterfront is an easy 8-minute walk.

Rooms
This property offers 120 guestrooms including suites and apartments. All the apartments and suites are equipped with full kitchen, giving you a fully self contained and comfortable atmosphere.

Restaurant
The Watergate breakfast cafe offers the finest in both Continental and fully cooked breakfast.

General
This property also offers business services, including faxing, photocopying and internet services.



Hotel Facilities
Baby sitting service
Business centre
Conference facilities
Currency exchange
Internet access
Laundry facilities
Parking facilities (at cost)
Reception
Safe deposit box Room Facilities

Room Facilities
Air conditioning
Cable / Satellite TV
Hairdryer
Iron and ironing board
Kitchenette
Modem/data port connection
Private bathroom / Ensuite
Radio
Refrigerator
Tea and coffee making facilities
Telephone
Voice mail
Accommodation from NZD $126.

Additional Information
20 km to the International Airport (Auckland)
Address
27-35 Victoria Street West
Auckland